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In a sweeping move with major implications for global trade and climate action, the international shipping industry has committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century. The decision, finalized in April 2025 under the oversight of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), introduces binding regulations that aim to overhaul the sector’s fuel use, emissions monitoring, and accountability standards.
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Shipping, which carries nearly 90 percent of global trade, currently accounts for about 3 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The newly adopted IMO Net-Zero Framework outlines a progressive timeline for emissions cuts: a minimum 20 percent reduction by 2030, 70 percent by 2040, and full decarbonization by around 2050. This agreement follows over a decade of gradual policy development, starting with energy efficiency standards introduced in 2011 and building toward the landmark 2018 initial emissions reduction strategy.
Key components of the framework include a global fuel standard aimed at reducing greenhouse gas intensity and a pricing mechanism that penalizes high-emission vessels. Ships that exceed set emissions thresholds will be required to purchase remedial credits or invest in a designated Net-Zero Fund. This fund will support low-emission technologies and assist developing countries in accessing cleaner fuels and improving maritime infrastructure.
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Oversight and compliance will be managed by IMO in partnership with member states, with reporting and verification systems in place to track progress. Approximately 85 percent of shipping emissions come from vessels over 5,000 gross tonnes, which will fall under the new rules. While the changes could influence shipping costs and consumer prices, IMO has conducted impact assessments to minimize economic disruptions, particularly for import-reliant nations.
The transition also emphasizes innovation and safety. Emerging technologies—such as ammonia and hydrogen-based fuels, wind propulsion, and onboard carbon capture—are expected to play a central role. Additional training and safety regulations will accompany the rollout of alternative fuel systems to ensure the wellbeing of seafarers.
Beyond emissions, the IMO continues to regulate other environmental aspects of shipping, including marine pollution from ballast water and underwater noise. Looking ahead, the organization plans to finalize implementation guidelines in time for the framework’s enforcement phase beginning in 2027, with the first compliance year set for 2028.
Article by multiple RFHC contributors, based upon information from UN News and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) press release
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